Eine der umfangreichsten Listen mit Dateierweiterungen. Erweiterung Was; 000 (000-600) Paperport Scanned Image: 000 (000-999) ARJ Multi-volume Compressed Archive.Web Standards for E- books . E- books aren’t going to replace books either. E- books are books, merely with a different form. E- books aren’t websites, but E- books are distributed electronically. Now the dominant E- book format is XHTML. Get breaking news and the latest headlines on business, entertainment, politics, world news, tech, sports, videos and much more from AOL. Infowars.com the home of the #1 Internet News Show in the World. Hundreds, if not thousands, of commercially available E-books from legacy publishing houses were converted to “electronic format” by scanning printed books and. Google Drive is a free way to keep your files backed up and easy to reach from any phone, tablet, or computer. Start with 15GB of Google storage – free. Propane is used in a number of applications, the most common being a heating fuel. While the Houston heating season is limited, our location, size and industrial. FILExt.com is the file extension source. Here you'll find a collection of file extensions; many linked to the programs that created the files. This is the FILExt home. Web standards take on a new flavor when rendering literature on the screen, and classic assumptions about typography (or “formatting”) have to be adjusted. People are finally noticing what was staring them in the face all along—HTML is great for expressing words. The web is mostly about expressing words, and HTML works well for it. The same holds true for electronic books. Two other formats —certain kinds of “true” XML and DTBook— have equal status in e. Pub; most developers will use XHTML. Every E- reader under the sun except the Amazon Kindle can display e. Make your job easier with Adobe Acrobat DC, the trusted PDF creator. Use Acrobat to convert, edit and sign PDF files at your desk or on the go. This alphabetical list of filename extensions contains standard extensions associated with computer files. Unlimited prints, no copy count! Pub electronic books. A Kindle can also convert HTML to displayable format, presumably AZW.). It may be unseemly to dance on graves, but HTML wins again. Bet against HTML for online distribution and you’ve backed the wrong horse. In this case I will acknowledge the remarks of internet pioneer Jaron Lanier, who warns in his book You Are Not a Gadget that early software decisions can dramatically constrain what later becomes possible. By backing what I feel is obviously the right horse, I am contributing to the strangulation of new or uninvented forms of the book. Advocacy of one digital format is always a process of eugenics; other formats will never be born or will die prematurely. I’m doing that right now by downplaying the importance of XML and DTBook variants of e. Pub. Exterminating that species is something to which I am proud to contribute. For other forms of books, advocating strict HTML markup will cause as- yet- unknowable harm. To attain this degree of expression, we have to rid ourselves of print conventions that do not work in electronic media. Printed books need to take advantage of everything print has to offer (resolution, tactility, portability, collectibility), while electronic books must do likewise for their own form (economy, copyability, reflow, searching and indexing, interlinking). Frankly, I don’t want to relive the late 1. You still don’t see valid HTML very often on real- world sites, but tables for layout are largely a thing of the past and semantics are hugely improved. Maybe pure web standards did not “win,” but whatever web standards aren’t definitely lost. Publishers (there are barely any “developers” in the E- book sphere) will not automatically do the right thing, and so far they seem to be doing exactly the wrong thing. That means you need valid code with no errors: the e. Pub standard requires XML error handling, so you can’t get away with HTML 4. Most can get by with a tiny range of tags. P (but don’t mark up everything as a paragraph)Headings (arguably H1 should be reserved for the title of the book)Emphasis (perennial debates over semantics of CITE vs. EM vs. I may hereby resume)Lists. BLOCKQUOTEImages (with mandatory alternate text). Even nonexperts can be readily trained to recognize simple structures like these. But people untrained in even the simplest markup are the problem. That is not how things are done right now. For more examples of typographic tragicomedy in E- books, see this article’s Sidebar. This in turn has led to the equally rampant mythology that E- books are all about “formatting.” (They aren’t: they’re about structured text with styles attached.). Why would publishers scan hardcopies? Aren’t all books produced on computers these days? Yes, but do publishers own those files, or do various freelance designers? Can anybody even find the files? What if they were saved in an old version of Quark Xpress or Ventura Publisher? One competitor in the E- book “space,” Kobo (n. The New York Timesestimated that to “convert the text to a digital file, typeset it in digital form and copy- edit it” costs a mere 5. We have countless examples to look at right now (see sidebar). The canonical format of a book should be HTML. Authors should write in HTML, making a manuscript immediately transformable to an E- book. A manuscript could then be imported into that fossil the publishing industry refuses to leave behind, Microsoft Word. Authors are not going to start writing in HTML, let alone the full- on XML that Ben Hammersley has called for. Though mangled and inadequate, such copy will then be “exported” for E- book “formatting.”. Instead of avoiding errors to begin with, the publishing industry may choose to fix errors after they’re made—but only if authors, especially big- name authors with ruthless literary agents, complain loudly until publishers have entire imprints’ E- books repaired. This will not result in authors writing good strong HTML for new books, but will clean up part of the mess. Two other projects are working on the possibilities of standardized structured code in the E- book process. The new Zen Garden could benefit from the experience of the old Zen Garden by offering more than one canonical text to style, but the concept is a proven winner. Converting XML output to e. Pub XHTML may not be trivial, but it isn’t impossible and could be automated. At that point, we wouldn’t have to retrain authors to write in HTML; we’d just have to retrain desktop publishers to use structural, not presentational, style names (Heading 2, Emphasis, Blockquote) for later translation. For code- competent authors, this same production method accepts XHTML as a source file, which can then be translated to a native In. Design document or PDF without intermediary files. Separation of content and structure has never been more important. Pub uses XHTML 1. You may also associate stylesheets — explicitly CSS2, not any other version. As such and as ever, markup must be separated from presentation. They’re writers, editors, desktop publishers. They will naturally attempt to hack and deform code and text to reproduce features from print layouts that should really be governed by CSS, handled by the E- book reader, or forgotten about entirely. In some cases, you actually have to alter the text of a book to make it work as an E- book; in other cases you must not do that. It’s easy to find commercial E- books the first word of which has an error: The word is written as its first letter followed by a space and the rest of its letters. It’s an artifact of drop caps, which in desktop publishing are usually rendered as a separate letter disconnected from the rest of the word. In standards- compliant E- books, you have to forget about drop caps or use a CSS selector (: first- letter). Maybe the first five words use small caps or bold. There is no way to do that in CSS as yet, though you can style the entire first line of a paragraph. You might have to wrap the first n words in a SPAN with a classname (which may then carry over into Word and In. Design for later styling). Software that renders HTML (not just web browsers) has a hard time with small capitals. The CSS is easy enough to declare — font- variant: small- caps. But even if the software has access to a font with genuine designed small caps, it usually won’t use them. It will use fake small caps instead (regular capitals at a smaller point size). Fake small caps are usually too short, almost always too light, and often spaced too close together. But what you’ll end up seeing for now is fake small caps, not real ones. Despite what former Microsoft researcher Bill Hill may think, multicolumn continuous text makes no sense in a window that can resize and/or scroll. For that purpose, CSS3 columns module can be attempted, though real- world use may show its weaknesses, as with positioning illustrations, column- spanning headings, and callouts. One of the simplest (also least followed) conventions of book typography, indenting the first line of a paragraph that follows another paragraph but nothing else, has never been simpler to set up than in CSS: p+p . In book typesetting, they’re a mistake (but don’t tell that to O’Reilly, the computer- book publisher that loves this “format”). If you really want a blank line between paragraphs, add a margin- bottom to P. Source copy should not be polluted with extraneous carriage- return characters, which are difficult to suppress. Everyone complains about full- justified text in E- readers (text with straight left and right margins). It’s harder to read because letterspacing and wordspacing are worse, causing rivers of whitespace. Hyphenation is complex and still has not been perfected even for languages where there’s a strong market incentive to do so, like English. Authors need to resist the temptation to add soft- hyphen characters to E- texts. Hyphenation is purely a display convention. Hyphenation changes when the layout changes (like switching from tall view to wide view). In print publishing, informed human proofreaders can override a system’s H& J decisions, but when you’re reading an E- book you don’t have one of those informed proofreaders seated alongside you. E- reader software has to implement hyphenation; nobody else should touch it. One of the very first things anyone with an interest in typography learns about is the use of ligatures — usually f followed by f, i, or l. Joining the letters together into ligatures avoids unpleasant collisions, like the top of an f hitting the dot of an i. Your rendering engine needs to put them in. Do not pollute your source text with ligature characters. What if I want to search the text, or look up a word containing a ligature character in a dictionary? Of course you could program very intelligent software to overcome the problem. It’s easier to avoid the problem.) Rarer ligatures, like ct and st, are also an issue for display engines, not underlying text. Typesetting some punctuation marks, like quotation marks and dashes, slightly outside the margin makes printed text look better and may also make onscreen text look better. This too is up to the display engine, not the text or its author. Meet Google Drive – One place for all your files.
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